（↑意識は相変わらず？）
Empire
紀伊国屋で・・・・てか、アマゾンと値段違いすぎだよ、紀伊国屋さん！！！
速攻でのぞいてみると・・・
まず、定義
page 30
An empire is a large composite, multi-ethnic or multinational political unit , usually created by conquest, and divided between dominant center and subordinate, sometimes far distant peripheries.
Imperialism is used to mean the actions and attitude which create or uphold such big political units--but also less obvious and direct kinds of control or domination by one people or country over others. ・・・・
Colonialism is something more specific and strictly political systems of role by one group over another , where the first claim the right ・・・to exercise exclusive sovereignty over the second and to shape its destiny.
page 31
Colonization refers to large scale population movements, where the migrants maintain strong links with their or their ancestors former country, gaining significant privileges over other inhabi9tants of the territory by such links.
帝国とは征服によって形成され、中心と従属的辺境地からなる多民族国家、とでもいおうか？もっとも、著者はこれですべて割り切れると言っているわけではない。例えば、アメリカのフィリピンに対する、あるいは、ソビエトにポーランドに対する間接的な政治上の支配が植民地化といえるか、どうかは境界例であろう、という。
帝国の典型例であるローマ帝国について
page42
The system rested on exploitation:tribute in cash, in kind, or in slaves sent from the peripheries to the imperial centre. Some contemporaries , and many later historians, believed that this reliance on subject peoples to play for the empire to sustain the relative wealth(and thus supposed idleness and decadence)of the rulers, and increasing to fight their wars for them too, gradually undermined Roman power and led to the empire's collapse.
・・・・・
we can surely speak of Rome's empire as a multi-ethnic or multiculural one , but also one where what a later age would call cultural assimilation-ism was vigorously practiced and widely accepted.
自分らの為に従属国を搾取したのであるが、搾取する過程で依存度を増やし、かえって没落する。ヘーゲルの主と奴、マルクスの王様と臣民の議論を髣髴とさせるね。
page 49
despite the political fragmentation, much of Europe possessed important elements of a common culture
at least among members of the ruling groups---it was, one could say, that commonality which produced the very idea of Europe, The Church and the use of Latin were naturally crucial in this and became ever more so.
”ヨーロッパ”という一つの表象が形成された理由として、ラテン語と教会という共通性を挙げている。
人口面では、植民地化されたところはめちゃ減少した。
page 67
Some popular African-American writers assert that 150 or 200 million Africans were enslaved or killed and that lower estimate is a racist evasion . The probable real total of 12 to 15 million victims is surely terrible enough.
page 70
Indigenous populations throughout the New World and on many Pacific islands were reduced to a fraction of their former numbers, of entirely wiped out. I parts of Africa, too the collision with Europe produced demographic catastrophe it has been estimated, for instance, that the population of the Belgian Congo diminished by nine of ten million in the decades following the con1uests.
あまり関係ないけど、ここいらの表現が面白い。アフリカ系アメリカ人の論者たちは、１億５千万から２億の人が奴隷化あるいは殺されたといい、それ以下に評価すると人種差別主義者だと言い立てるが云々・・・・・・という言い回し。
ま、それはいいとして、
植民地化の肯定面・否定面として、
page 78
Colonized areas were forced into acting as sources of under-priced raw materials for European industry and of cheap, often forced or enslaved labour.・・・Where there was not savage exploitation , there was utter neglect :colonial governments spent almost nothing on education, health care, social welfare, of infrastructure・・・・・
The positive case argues that , on the contrary, colonialism played economically progressive role. Colonial rule was the means to which European technology , culture and institutions---the things which had enabled Europe itself to develop and industrialize--were spread across the rest of the world.
まず否定側は、教育や健康面、あるいは、インフラなどほとんど配慮しなかった、と。
肯定側は、なんやかやいっても技術面など産業や制度など進歩した面も多い、と。
植民地化を「正当化」する偏見として、
page86
page in may versions, more specifically northern Europeans sometimes called "Aryan' and 'Nordic' or particular nationalities like the English or Germans, were at the top. Many Asian peoples occupied intermediate positions, Some were acknowledged to possess considerable intelligence, and Indian , Chinese or Arab civilizations achievements could not be entirely denied . But they were widely believed to possess profound flaws in their collective character, being >congenitally dissolute,idle , dishonest, cruel and son on.
page 92
The late-Victorian propaganda of empire did not only stress modernization but standardly depicted its pioneers ---explorers, soldiers , missionaries , frontiersmen---as paragons of rationality maturity, and self-control, in stark contrast to the wild ,unruly, often childlike people they met and dominated.
まあ、ここらへん、今でもかわらない、といえばかわらない。
page 95
If Africans of Indians had united against the colonialists, the colonization would have been impossible, except at staggering , unacceptable human and financial cost. But to do that , they would have had to think of themselves as 'Africans' or 'Indians' single people with shared interest in the first place. Before the 20th century, very few could even potentially do so.
なぜ、植民地化に抵抗できなかったか、というと、やっぱ、印度人なりアフリカ人という国民/民族意識が形成されていなかったから団結もできなかったわけだね。
このようにして、civilizing mission(page 95) 、文明化をしていく使命を「野蛮」な地域に対してはたしいくわけだが、
page 97
the responses to colonialism and to the West of Indian intellectuals were not simply polarized between imitation and reject, collaboration and resistance. They didn't accept colonialist claims about their own natural inferiority; but nor were they simpleminded enough to believe that 'Europe' was a single homogeneous entity. They know they could pick and choose among the things British rule and 'European culture' offered them--or sought to impose on them . They accepted some adapted some to their own purposes, rejected others.
受け取る方も、そう単純ではない。相手さんの力と知識を換骨奪胎していくのである。
page 117
The new idea of empire is like the ancient Roman and medieval Christian ones, ・・・・in that it is,or aspires to be a universal order. The United Stated, with its close allies, is the only force that can maintain global peace and just ---if necessary, by force,---no in the pursuit of a nationality or a power hungry agenda,but to uphold these universal values.
Such argument・・・probably and simply makes the United States sound more powerful than it really is. It underestimates the actual and potential tensions between universalism and narrower national interests in American thought ・・・・
で、現代では普遍主義を唱えて、正義を布教していこうとする点で帝国主義的という論者もいるが、それは、合衆国を過大評価しすぎているし、また、普遍主義と国益との緊張関係について過小評価している、という。
